Othello, The Moor of Venice Essay examples -- Shakespearean Literatur

Othello, the Moor of Venice is one of the study tragedies written by William Shakespeare that follows the master(prenominal) character, Othello through his trials and tribulations. Othello, the Moor of Venice is similar to William Shakespeares other tragedies and follows a set of specific rules of drama. The requirements include, following the rendering of a tragedy, definition of tragic hero, containing a change of mind of fortune, and a descent from happiness. William Shakespeare fulfills Aristotles requirements in this famous piddle away. Aristotle the famous philosopher outlined several requirements in which a play or piece of drama is to follow. The offshoot rule that is met in Shakespeares play is that Othello is considered tragic hero, which every tragedy mustiness contain. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be a piece in a position of power who is a good person and makes a mistake during the timeline of the play due to a tragic flaw. Othellos major(ip) flaw can be seen as jealousy Othello has often been described as a tragedy of character, as the plays protagonist swiftly descends into a rage of jealousythat completely destroys his life(Othello). Othello is shown he is a good man within the first a few(prenominal) scenes of the play She wished she had not comprehend it yet she wished That heaven had made her such a man (1.3.162-163). This line in Act I spoken by Othello, is an indication that he is a good person although it may appear that he has stolen Desdemona away from her father. Othello speaks that although he has taken Desdemona as his wife without Brabantios consent, he is a good person for stating his reasons for his actions as well as standing his ground. After Othellos marriage to Desdemona, the conflict is started when Iago insinuates t... ...Works CitedCatherine Bates, Weaving and Writing in Othello, in Shakespeare Survey, Vol. 46, edited by Stanley Wells, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 5160.Dreher, Diane. Shake speares Cordelia and the power of character. World and I Apr. 1998 287+. Fine Arts and Music Collection. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.Newton, K.M. Othello Overview. Reference Guide to English publications. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. second ed. Chicago St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. Othello. Shakespeare for Students Critical Interpretations of Shakespeares Plays and Poetry. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2007. 649-687. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. Shakespeare, William. Othello, the Moor of Venice. Literature. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 368-455. Print. Othello, The Moor of Venice Essay examples -- Shakespearean LiteraturOthello, the Moor of Venice is one of the major tragedies written by William Shakespeare that follows the main character, Othello through his trials and tribulations. Othello, the Moor of Venice is similar to William Shakespeares other tragedies and follows a set of specific r ules of drama. The requirements include, following the definition of a tragedy, definition of tragic hero, containing a reversal of fortune, and a descent from happiness. William Shakespeare fulfills Aristotles requirements in this famous play. Aristotle the famous philosopher outlined several requirements in which a play or piece of drama is to follow. The first rule that is met in Shakespeares play is that Othello is considered tragic hero, which every tragedy must contain. According to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be a man in a position of power who is a good person and makes a mistake during the timeline of the play due to a tragic flaw. Othellos major flaw can be seen as jealousy Othello has often been described as a tragedy of character, as the plays protagonist swiftly descends into a rage of jealousythat completely destroys his life(Othello). Othello is shown he is a good man within the first few scenes of the play She wished she had not heard it yet she wished That heave n had made her such a man (1.3.162-163). This line in Act I spoken by Othello, is an indication that he is a good person although it may appear that he has stolen Desdemona away from her father. Othello speaks that although he has taken Desdemona as his wife without Brabantios consent, he is a good person for stating his reasons for his actions as well as standing his ground. After Othellos marriage to Desdemona, the conflict is started when Iago insinuates t... ...Works CitedCatherine Bates, Weaving and Writing in Othello, in Shakespeare Survey, Vol. 46, edited by Stanley Wells, Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. 5160.Dreher, Diane. Shakespeares Cordelia and the power of character. World and I Apr. 1998 287+. Fine Arts and Music Collection. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.Newton, K.M. Othello Overview. Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. Othello. Shakespeare for Students Critical Interpretations of Shakespeares Plays and Poetry. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Detroit Gale, 2007. 649-687. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. Shakespeare, William. Othello, the Moor of Venice. Literature. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. 368-455. Print.

Technologies role today :: essays research papers fc

Technology is a key element in the world today. It plays an meaning(a) role in almost everything. Education is no exception to this engineering science has been present in education for many years now. The purpose of this paper is to discuss why education is better with the addition of technology. More importantly, I am talking about this so that my audience will baffle more aware of how technology supports what is being done in education.Technology in schools has do drastic improvements within the last five years. Computers have gone from being in every school, to being in every classroom. Access to computers specifically has become very easy for students to obtain. Technology isnt restricted to computers there are also projectors, DVD players, VCRs, and video screens that are used today. These wide varieties of multipurpose classroom tools have become very common in schools today. Heartland Community College supports the growth of technology in education very hale. HCC has s tepped up to the highest demands of technology by offering computers in every classroom. Also, the school provides each classroom with overhead projectors, which are run by touch screens placed near computer systems in every classroom. The overhead light show presents the pictures onto the pull-down screen in the front of every classroom, via DVD, VCR, or computer screen. These are many of the options available for students and instructors to use at HCC. This available technology helps advance the learning process and saves time. Furthermore, the learning process is easily enhanced when technology is used. First, with Internet access in each classroom, it allows the teacher to access massive amounts of information in just a few seconds. This information can be given to the students in a clear, easy to enunciate format as it is projected onto the screen. With such easy access to information, students are able to learn more in a smaller time span, plot of land teachers are able to be more efficient in how they teach. This makes the education a person gets from their school more valuable for their money and money is important as college costs continue to rise. Most of these new technological advances arent cheap. Technology has brought the price of schools to higher levels, forcing the budget of schools and students to be changed. These plans are very well thought out and work in accordance to many of the programs the government has already set-up for schools.

Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution Essay -- Napoleon Bonaparte French Re

Napoleon Betrayed the RevolutionIn order to investigate the claim that Napoleon betrayed the transition, it has to be determined what is the French revolution? And what are the new ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed? If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the ideals of liberty, par and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated or betrayed the revolution is to explore his actions such as his military success, Dictatorship and social reforms. The difficulty of this analysis is that Napoleons motives for his actions determine whether he consolidated or betrayed the Revolution.If Napoleon betrayed the revolution, then he betrayed the ideals of Liberty, equality and fraternity. For it is ideals rather than realities that Napoleon allegedly betrayed. The reality of the French revolution is 8 periods of constant change and successions of policies a nd leaders, with each new leader and party bringing amendments to the revolution. Napoleons coupdetat of 18 brumaire was an insurance against both Jacobin revolution and Royalist restoration. The French people expected Napoleon to bring back peace, order and to consolidate the political and social conquests of the Revolution. Napoleon considered these conquests to be the sacred rights of property, equality and liberty. If Napoleon gained power with the promise of upholding the principals of the French Revolution how did he betray the revolution? Many historians argue that Napoleon was an effective but ambitious leader. This competition led to a dictatorship, which they consider Napoleons ultimate betrayal. However other Historians such as Tombs and Furet see Napoleons regime as the most win over though temporary solution to the political and ideological problems bequeathed by the Revolution. Napoleons dictatorship can also be considered a natural progression from the authoritarian disposition of the French revolution. One idea is that is undebatable is - if Napoleon betrayed the French Revolution, this means that his actions, motives and policies were disloyal to the Revolutionary ideals of Liberty, equality and Fraternity. Napoleon was an outstanding military commander and enjoyed many prospered campaigns. Napoleon maintained the Revolutionary syst... ...ad amassed. BibliographyBroers, Michael Europe Under Napoleon 1799-1815 Arnold, London, 1996Ellis, Geoffrey Profiles in Power Napoleon, Longman, New York, 1997Encyclopaedia Britannica, CD Rom, Standard Edition, 1999Furet, Francois Napoleon Bonaparte in G, Kates(ed.) The French Revolution Recent Debates and New Controversies Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997)Gildea, Robert Barricades and Borders Europe 1800-1914, Oxford University Press, New York 2nd edn, 1996Napoleon, Conversation, 1800 Herold, J.Christopher (ed.) The Mind of Napoleon (London,1955), item no.106Holmberg, Tom The empire between dictatorship an d monarchy http//www.iselinge.nl/ snooze/html/body_nap_and_revolution.html, 1998Napoleon to the French Nation, 15 Dec 1799, Howard, John Letters and Documents of Napoleon (London, 1961) p.428.Lyons, Martyn Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution Macmillan, London, 1994Schroeder, Paul The slip of European Politics 1763-1848 Clarendon Press, Oxford 1994Tombs, Robert France 1814-1914, Longman, NewYork, 1996War Times Journal Napoleonic Wars website http//www.wtj.com/portal/wars/modern/napoleonic/

My Personal Battle with Gender Discrimination Essay -- essays research

My Personal battle with Gender DiscriminationYou know that feeling. When you can feel the blood gathering in your cheeks, your clammy fists clench, and your limbs tingle, wanting to spring verboten and smash something. Then you yell, whine, complain to anyone who pull up stakes listen. Their only condolence is, boys will be boys. Every year in August, my family on my moms case gathers at my aunt and uncles house for a family reunion. They own a huge portion of land in the heart of Missouri containing several ponds, a creek, a golf course and lots of camping area. The property is a haven for the outdoorsman, which seems to inspire testosterone in my uncles, male cousins, and even my father. I have been a tomboy since I could walk I always preferred building forts outside to tending with Barbies. I played soccer instead of volleyball, I bathed in a creek instead of the bathtub, and I rode my bike more than I walked. I HATED wearing dresses and often preferred running around in the dirty jeans and an oversized tee-shirt. I was deemed the weird kid in elementary school. As a child, my feisty nature compelled me to argue for respect and attention from the adults in my boy-favoring family. My grandmother especially favored my male cousins over the female cousins however, my constant spirit and determination won my Grandmothers attention and honor of universe her favorite grandchild. We have several traditions at the Schulz family reunion including tractor rides, storytelling, and card tournaments. Then, there were the traditions that I fought the mens fishing trips, golf, and horseshoe tournaments while the women make dinner. after(prenominal) the daylong events, the men would arrive back to the campsite, eat the prepared food, and go back to their previous activities while the women cleaned up and did the dishes. Out of the four days, the men do possibly one meal. I brought this up to my mom, and she replied by saying If we didnt do it, the men never would. B eing a very boyish girl, I always wanted to go on the fishing trips. What could be more fun than riding a mile on a trailer pulled by a tractor down a giant hill on a snake infested path to a creek filled with bass, frogs and other Missouri natives? star time, I got the courage to ask my dad if I could go on the fishing tr... ...rpillars out of his trees when the boys wouldnt. I have dealt with gender discrimination all of my life. allow it has always been very minor cases, but it still weakens my spirit. I want to feel like I can do anything I dream, but sometimes people dont take me seriously because I am a girl. That is why I have been on a conquest to transfuse and gain the respect of the people in my family who havent taken me seriously. I have become a very dedicated skier and soccer pseudo not only because I love the sports, but also because I wish to advance in a male-dominated sport. When I ski or play soccer with my male cousins, they always try to point out my mistak es rather than my talent, even though I am much better than them. It seems like a hopeless goal. No matter how talented I become, I dont receive their compliments because I am a girl. I shun being discluded from the activities that I love because of my gender. I hate being told that I cant possibly do something because I am a girl. I also hate the fact that no matter how much I accomplish, my accomplishments arent as important because I was born a girl. Someday, I will show them that I can do anything they can do, better.

Christianitys Influence on the Vikings Essay examples -- Vikings Chri

Christianitys Influence on the VikingsWhen I think of the words that describes Vikings I think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explores. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, consid eonte, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Vikings and Christians have basically opposite meanings. As the Vikings gradually became Christians they started to dramatically change their culture. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The Vikings gradually picked up Christianity influences throughout their existence but my question is did it play a key role in the down fall of the Vikings?The Viking era existed from 800 AD to 1200 AD and during 1000 AD Christianity began to have major influence in the Viking culture (Roesdahl 27). A major religion that shaped the Viking culture is Nordic Paganism (Williams). According to Stephen Henkin who wrote an article called the Viking Fury, the Vikings admired and tried to liv e up to the character traits they saw their gods portraying(Henkin ). Stephen Henkin suggested that character traits the Vikings saw in the Nordic gods are anthropoid qualities brutality, anger, lust, and humor (Henkin). The Vikings attempted to try to shape their character from the character traits they saw their gods portraying believing that they should try to acquire these characteristics to make their gods happy. Nordic Paganism was polytheistic with the main gods being Odin, Thor and Frey (The Pagan Library). Odin was the god of wisdom, magic and runes (The Pagan Library). The runes were the alphabet of the Vikings. Rune stones is the only documented writing from the Vikings during their existence, so a lot of the history during the ... ...the Vikings, I came to the conclusion that it was a key. The change in character traits of a person completely alters a person as it did with the Vikings. So the influence of Christianity character helped alter the Vikings to disappear.Wor ks CitedBrent, Peter. The Viking Saga. New York. G.P. Putnams Sons, 1975.Gerset, Knut. History of the Norwegien People. New York Au Press, 1969.Henkin, Stephen. Viking Fury. The World Li. Jan 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library. 31 March 2004. Roesdall, Else and David M. Wilson, ed. From Viking to Crusader. New York Rizzoli, 1992.Skarsten, Trygve R. Nordic Religions in the Viking Age. Church History. Sep. 2000. Proquest, Penn State Library, 31 March 2004Williams, Garth. Pagan belief. BBCi. 6 April 2004. 6 April 2004 http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/religion_02.shtml.

Reality and Illusion in Shakespeares Hamlet - Appearance versus Realit

Appearance versus Reality in Hamlet Shakespeares play, Hamlet, is a tale of a young prince who must ascertain the truth regarding his sticks death. Throughout the play, the fundamental theme of appearance versus reality is constant. The majority of the main characters hide behind veils of lies and deceptions, obscuring the truth to the depict that nearly nothing of their actual selves are visible. The labyrinth of deception is so twisted that only Hamlet is aware of the truth, and only because the ghost of his father revealed it to him. Hamlet, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the male monarch Claudius are all part of this circle of deception. Hamlet, while more genuine than the rest, brings himself into the deceptions with his feigned insanity. At least in this case there is a worthwhile justification his every action and word is reported directly to Claudius by Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius or any number of other people loyal to Claudius. His insanity is a cle ver method of protection he will be left alone and free as long as he is not considered a threat. Though employing quite a bit of deception, Hamlets falseness is small in comparison to that of Polonius, the royal assistant. Polonius is obsessed with projecting the images of a trusting and generous father and a wise man overall, manipulating or deceiving everyone possible to serve his personal agenda. One way he attempts to improve his image is when he repeatedly waxes poetical and delivers lengthy discourses regarding life to his children. An example of this is when he is giving Laertes his blessing to leave for France and finishes with this idealistic advice, This above all to thine own self be true./ And it must follow... ... A.C. Quote. literary Companion to British Authors William Shakespeare. San Diego Greenhaven, 1996. Danson, Lawrence. Tragic Alphabet. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Findlay, Alison. Hamlet A Document in Madness. New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. judge Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Hopkins, Lisa. Parison and the Impossible Comparison. New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York AMS Press, 1994. 153-164. Rose, Mark. Reforming the Role. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128 Wiggins, Martin. Hamlet inside the Prince. New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York AMS Press, 1994. 209-226.

Obamacare Essay

Change pull up stakes not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We be the ones weve been waiting for. We are the change that we seek. Those words were famously spoken from Barack Obama during his election period. Following through with those words, he begins to make change in the country. Change isnt easy, yet you hope its worth it in the end.The USA seems to be standing on both sides of the fence when it comes to the changes the President is making with healthcare. March 23, 2010 Obama write into law Affordable Care Act, or better known as Obamacare. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, it represents the most significant judicature expansion and regulatory overhaul of the U.S. healthcare system since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 (www.obamacarefacts.com).Obamacare was enacted to provide affordable health insurance to 44 million uninsured Americans and to bowdlerize the growth in health care spending. Obamacare has do ne some important things already, such as prohibiting insurance companies from dropping your coverage if you get sick and has been workings with insurance companies who will not cover a person because of a pre-existing condition. thus far, as with all change there are two ship canal at looking at the new bill. Obamacare will drastically affect the low-income families in a positive way. In America healthcare is so tight to afford for the average low-income family, Obama has placed the care on a sliding scale. The expansion will cover over 15 million low-income indivi duals and families below the 133% FLP mark.However each state has the option to opt-out of providing coverage for the poor. By not providing coverage for the poor, it will leave 2-3 million people without coverage. States that decide to opt-in employers will have to do by laying people off and making full time employees part time to avoid Obamacare penalties and taxes by not implementing the program. Others will not expatiate beyond 50 employees to avoid the bills mandates (Shenk, 2013). The average consumer will see a difference because some businesses are adding surcharges to invoices in to help make up the cost of healthcare coverage for their employees.On a positive note, there would be no annual or life sentence limits, children can stay on their parents plans to age 26 FDA can approve more generic drugs driving prices down and breaking monopolies and protections against inequality for gender, disabilities and domestic abuse. And there will be significant tax credits to the small businesses with less than 25 employees, to help offset the costs of providing coverage to their employees.Obamacare will certainly challenge the nation over whether it wants a national system to be dependent on Washington or rely on dual federalism that protects freedom. The bill doesnt allow the American citizen the option, if they want to offer or accept coverage they have to have it or they will be penalized. That doesnt allow much freedom of choice, however at least they are being offered the opportunity to coverage.Despite the rocky road Obamacare has had to start, it has lived to see another twenty-four hour period and each day the kinks are worked out. This bill is here to stay. So, as cchange isnt always easy, the average American citizen can say that the law will be beneficial to them as individuals, their families, communities, and country.

Obesity as a Social and Medical Problem Essay

Obesity has become an epidemic in our over indulgent North American order. In addition to body image issues, fleshiness causes significant health issues. Society often views the word obesity to be a disease when it is actually a sign of a disorder genetic or environmental. The percentage of our population that is growing overweight is increasing ein truth year, and can become a very serious issue if it is non dealt with more urgently. Problems relating to self-confidence, self-consciousness, and isolation can occur as a result.An enduring problem in todays society, in particular with children, has to deal with sociality. Public appearance is very important to us and when we dont look good, or stick a low self-esteem, it can deuce-ace to further issues possibly fatal. Those with the obese label have to deal with social problems every single day. The fact they dont look normal causes them to not fit in with the regular crowd and can lead to isolation issues. Being isolated from the majority of the population can lead to problems such as depression and later on, suicide. other big influence on social problems relating to obesity is the media.Every day at some time, somewhere, we are watching TV, yarn the newspaper, or searching the web. The media tends to give labels and meaning to words in which we get influenced on. The view that the media portrays to us is that if you are a certain weight, you are obese and vice-versa. Another problem with the media is the amount of time our society spends on it. Time consumed on use little media takes away from time spent doing productive activities such as exercising. However, the rottenness in social patterns relating to obesity isnt the only problem. Another big factor stands on the medical side.Obesity is a risk in a number of prolonged diseases. Maintaining a healthy weight is critical in order to reduce the risk of those diseases and additionally, improve your overall health. Many children and youth have fewer opportunities to be physically active at school as physical education classes and time spent being physically active at school have been reduced. Being overweight or obese has many risks involved. Serious conditions such as a stroke, high blood pressure, and Type 2 diabetes, can occur as a result just to name a few. Linked with health problems is a poor diet.Variations in our food environment have made it challenging to maintain a healthy weight. Society tends to want to deplete more fast-food rather than cooking at home because it is cheaper and less time-consuming. We have become lazy when it comes to our diets. We dont take into consideration the Food Guide and basically eat what we want, when we want. Obesity is in any case a major drain on the rescue. The amount of money being spent on health care because of obesity-related diseases is astronomical. The Globe and Mail had an article headlined, Obesity costs economy up to $7-billion a year.By have right and maintaining a he althy lifestyle, our society can cut down economic costs drastically. each(prenominal) we need to have is some discipline, the proper diet, and exercise. Numerous children today are spending less time exercising and more time in prior of the TV, computer, or video-game console. Even worse, some schools have banned the use of balls used at interruption. An article in the Toronto Star explained why such a unmated ban took place at Earl Beatty Public School, The letter stated that there have been a few serious incidents in which staff and students have been hit, or come close to being struck, by flying balls. Not only are we lacking in exercise, the catalyst for running around at recess has now been taken away for some. This issue is going to further decrease the amount of physical activity kids partake in, and increase the possibilities of obesity. Commuting to and from work also contributes to obesity when you consider that in order to get by, most families need to have at least two incomes. People often have to replace long distances to jobs, and with the minimal time for meal preparation, fast foods become a number one option.Furthermore, having supermarkets, as well as other grocery stores clean all night, more money is being spent on expensive, half-prepared meals. Children need to have a healthy example with their parents being physically active and eating healthy. Preventing children from becoming overweight means adapting to the way your family eats and exercises. Many believe that it is the parents fault when it comes to child obesity, and theyre correct. Children dont have the discipline to eat healthy foods and arent capable of preparing home-made meals.It is the parents job to influence and lead the way for our youth. If parents set a better example health-wise for their children, it is highly enigmatical that the percentage of obesity would be even remotely close to where it is now. Managing and preventing obesity can lead to many societal be nefits. Having healthy, positive-minded people in our cities is always encouraging. Managing obesity can lessen the stress that occurs at work, as well as create a friendlier environment. Having a good work environment has shown to raise productivity, so creating better capital.Another optimistic result from obesity management in society is the discipline factor. If those that are overweight can overcome a capacious default in their life, by working hard and staying focused, it entrust then translate into other aspects of their day-to-day lives. Our society will become that of a condition one, therefore work will become more productive because there is better focus on the tasks at hand furthermore, children in school will become more confident because of how hard they worked as well as their new self-image.Overall, if our world can manage and prevent obesity, living can in conclusion consist more of positive vibes and less of anxiety. In conclusion, it is clear we have a seriou s issue with obesity that impacts many aspects of peoples lives. It is an austere condition that doesnt get monitored with enough concern. Possibilities such as Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are the two starring(p) causes from being overweight. Medical, as well as social research can help people further comprehend that weight and obesity issues are immensely social, not individual. We have to start working together on fighting obesity.We are a lazy society and we tend to make things harder than they really are. If society works together to help those in need by giving them the courage and confidence needed to make a personal change, this unnecessary lode called obesity can be upheld. It all starts with the right diet as well as exercise and a strong commitment. As little as ten minutes a day on the bike can improve ones health. The ball is in our court, and stronger action needs to be taken. We need to start now because the benefits to individuals as well as society are well worth the effort.

DBQ Reconstruction Essay

The union victory in the Civil War gave quartet million slaves their freedom, alone reuniting the South with the North introduced a new set of significant ch onlyenges. The recounting Reconstruction were the efforts to establish and protect citizens rights of freedom. Democrats led to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction by forgiving those who participated in the Civil War who were relieve in favor of slavery and inequality. This influence of Amnesty led to three major(ip) obstacles for reconstruction the emergence of the Ku Kux Klan, the developwork forcet of obtuse codes, and the compromise f 1877.The emergence of the Ku Kux Klan was one(a) of the main contributors to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction, leaving open spots for former(a) major events that brought completely down the reconstruction. On November 23, 1868, in Tennessee, General George Thomas explained that the purpose of the Ku Kux Klan was to allow the Southern people that participated in the Civil War to trace in union with those who had abandoned the thought of inequality. This gave them the advantage to bring back inequality and kill black men. (Document 2). By forgiving these Southern people, illing freedmen became easy.These people that were organism forgiven had the same mentality from before the war, which was involved with the approval of slavery and the inequality there should be because black men werent like exsanguinous men. Kenneth Stampp, a history professor form the University of California at Berkeley, expressed himself in The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 about how in May 1872, the Congress developed an Amnesty act to reestablish the right to vote for the majority of those Southerners that had been forgiven. (Document 3). Giving the right to vote to these eople, put the reconstruction in danger.The right of voting allowed Southerners to vote for someone that would still want slavery. Voting for someone with a mentality like that would Just allow slavery b ack, and thats why The Congress Reconstruction started to fail. level off though the black codes were created with the purpose of giving freedmen equal rights like white men, the codes werent followed correctly and black men were still creation discriminated. The black codes were supposed to follow the 13, 14, and fifteenth amendment, but they werent quite followed the steering it was supposed to.Both black and white men were given the same rights, but everything was separated between races, one was for black men and one for white men, showing discrimination. When the black codes were established, black men became freedmen, but even though these men could start living as freedmen, many decided to stay as slaves. In a compilation of these interviews published by Benjamin Botkin in 1945, John McCoy is quoted as saying, l plant life for Marse John he says one morningJohn, you can go the government say you is free l didnt know nothing what money was, nohow, butI knows Ill git ple nty victuals to eat, so I stays (Document 7). The majority of slaves had been slaves through their entire life. These people didnt know how to bouncing themselves. Black men were ignorants on how to live without being a slave, so many, just like McCoy, decided to stay where they were working so their owners would provide them an easier way of surviving even though they were still working as slaves. In 1935, an African-American historian, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, published a book of the history of Reconstruction where he wrote, Negros who cute to work must not dabble in politics.Negroes who wanted to increase their income must not agitate the Negro problem in order to constitute living, the American Negro was compelled to give up his political proponent (Document 6). This excerpt of the book shows how black men where not only being discriminated, but being left out politically too. If black men wanted work being freedmen, then they would have to stay out of the political power. Whit e men were powerful and this is why giving up political power wasnt an option, but a forceful act from the white. Black codes were not being followed, white men always managed to find a way to obtain what they wanted.The reconstruction was failing because nobody was respecting laws anymore, and black men couldnt do anything about it to a fault remaining quiet and following white mens instructions, which became their only real guarantee of surviving. The Compromise of 1877 was created to decide which candidate should be taken as a winner, either Hayes or Tilden, leading towards a decision that helped the Congress Reconstruction fail. As can be seen in the electoral diffusion map from the election of 1876, Hayes won by only one electoral vote and lost the popular vote by 254,235. Document 8).The 1877 Compromise was an agreement to take away Northern troops from the South. This agreement was made due to Tildens request so he would let Hayes win. The remotion of Northern troops left f reedmen without protection, and became easy targets for Southerners to attack. If Hayes wanted to win, he had to accept the request, so he took away the troops because if not, Tilden would have stayed in the power and done worse acts. In November 4 and 5, 1874, the front-page of New York Times published two headlines that announced how Democrats entered he House of Representatives and convert the Congress to be elected as well. (Document 5).These Democratic victories helped undermine Congress efforts to help freedmen by creating laws and acts that followed racism ideas. There was no more hope for the reconstruction at this point. Democrats were taking all the power and black men could not do anything anymore. Being free was not an option anymore, but a far away dream instead. Even though black people were given the opportunity to have some rights and equality, the Congress Reconstruction failed because events such as the creation of he Ku Kux Klan, the construction of the black cod es, and the Compromise of 1877, kept their old beliefs of slavery and inequality.

Disproportionate Representation of African American Students in Special Education Essay

Abstract In 2011 thither is still disproportionate representation of Afri great deal American Students in limited tuition classes. This can be defined as conflict in the culture environment because, g everyplacenment law mandates that No child be left behind, yet African American students, males in particular, are disproportionately being just that, left behind. The purpose of this register is to talk of disproportionate representation. What it means and who it affects most will be identified.Contributing factors such as socioeconomic status and race and ethnicity will also be discussed. contingent solutions in the form of equity and early interpolation will be discussed as well. Lastly with these factors identified, it is the hope that feasible and probable solutions can be reached or at least recommended. Review of Literature For more than 40 years the topic of Disproportionate representation has been addressed by scholars. The data collected has been qualitative and quanti tative.According to Bollmer, Bethel, Garrison-Morgen, and Brauen The vent of disproportionate realization and placement of racial/ethnic minorities in particular(a) education has been investigated extensively (Bollmer, Bethel, Garrison-Mogren, & Brauen, 2007). They go on to share that the seek ratio, which is used to compare one racial/ethnic groups likelihood of receiving circumscribed education and related services to all other students is one of the most reusable tools in this question (Bollmer, Bethel, Garrison-Mogren, & Brauen, 2007).Sometimes referred to as disproportionality, disproportionate representation covers both over and underrepresentation. Overrepresentation happens when the percentage of students from one group is larger than pass judgment based on their numbers in the oecumenical population. Underrepresentation is occurring when a specific group of students are involved at a lower rate than their numbers in the general population. According to Beratan The disproportionate representation of minority students in special education is as clear of a racist exposecome as one can find.The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEA) formally recognizes such disproportionate representation as a chore in special education (Beratan, 2008). He goes on to share the following thoughts and statistics A) Greater efforts are needed to prevent the intensification of problems connected with mislabeling and high drop place rates among minority children with disabilities. B) More minority children continue to be served in special education than would be expected from the percentage of minority students in the general school population.C) Afro-American children are identified as having mental slowdown and emotional tumult at rates greater than their White counterparts. D) In the 1998-1999 school year, African-American children represented just 14. 8 percent of the population gray 6 through 21, but comprised 20. 2 perce nt of all children with disabilities. E) Studies sire found that schools with predominately White students and teachers select placed disproportionately high numbers of their minority students into special education (Beratan, 2008).Disproportionate representation not only speaks to the overrepresentation of African-American students labeled as learning disabled, but also to the gross want of African-American students being labeled gifted. Bonner and Jennings share According to the literature, African American males come been disproportionately place in special education classrooms and underrepresented in gifted and sharp programs (Fred A. Bonner I. M. , 2007). Bonner and Jennings go on to say that The story of the African American male in gifted and talented programs is one of widespread underrepresentation (Fred A. Bonner I. M. , 2007). Bonner and Jennings further share that lack of instructor referrals, substandard performance on standardized norm-referenced test scores and student and family choice contributed to the underrepresentation of African American males in gifted programs (Fred A. Bonner I. M. , 2007).Theauthors continue to complicate on this phenomenon by stating Due to the potential for underachievement among African American students in first, second, and third grade, a time in which most identification processes for these programs are implemented, these students a good deal go unidentified (Fred A. Bonner I. M. , 2007). Artiles and Bal maintain that African American males and Native American students appear to be the most affected groups at the national level (Artiles & Bal, 2008). spot disproportionate representation has touched all minority groups, African American males in particular shed continually been identified as the most over represented population in particular(a) education. Several factors are said to contribute to the disproportionate representation of minority students in Special Education. Yolanda Anyon shares Barton a nd Tomlinson (1981) argue that the identification of students with learning disabilities and subsequent placement in special education is a form of social control to minimize problem behaviors in mainstream classrooms.Other researchers draw documented that teachers and principals refer children for special needs assessment who are causing the biggest problems in the classroom be it passivity, failure to learn material or aggressiveness (Anyon, 2009). She further goes on to share in this way, special education primarily serves social control functions in schools as it legitimizes the removal of deviant students from regular classrooms (Anyon, 2009). socioeconomic status is said to increase the likelihood that student will be placed in special education.It is also said that race and ethnicity of students can be a large variable that causes excessive amounts of students of color to be referred and placed in special education. Skiba and fellow scholars share Among the most longstandi ng and intransigent issues in the field, the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education programs has its roots in a long history of educational segregation and discrimination. Although national estimates of disproportionality have been consistent over time, state and local estimates may show varying patterns of disproportionality.A number of factors may contribute to disproportionality, including test bias, poverty, special education processes, shabbiness in general education, issues of behavior management, and cultural mismatch/cultural reproduction (Skiba, et al. , 2008). They further go on to say that special education was born out of, and owes a debt to the civic rights movement, alluding to the fact that both the inspiration for and the strategies used by those whose work resulted in the initial national special education lawmaking came from the civil rights movement (Skiba, et al., 2008).They also maintain that concerns about racial injustice w ere central to litigation that led to the promulgation of the first special education legislation (Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, IDEA) (Skiba, et al. , 2008). The scholars aptly point out the irony of racial disparity rates of special education service remaining one of the key indicators of inequity in our national educational system (Skiba, et al. , 2008).An additional contributing factor that they share is A second factor that might contribute to a disproportionate rate of representation in special education among students of color are sociodemographic factors associated with economic disadvantage (Skiba, et al. , 2008). Skiba, et al, give this insight into the role of poverty in disproportionate representationIn order to directly assess the contribution of poverty to the disproportionate representation of African American students in special education, Skiba et al.(2005) studied the kind of special education enrollment, race, socioeconomic and demographic factors, and test score outcomes in a sample of 295 school districts in a Midwestern state.Across run-of-the-mill least squares and logistic regression equations, poverty made a weak, inconsistent, and often counter-intuitive contribution to the prediction of disproportionality across a number of disability categories (Skiba, et al. , 2008). While there are no definitive causes of the issue of disproportionate representation the above named ones come up in study after study which lends ample conviction to them as real and possibly surmountable issues.It might well be expected that the students whose educational opportunities are limited will be more in all likelihood to be referred for special education services (Skiba, et al. , 2008). Another point expressed by Skiba and fellow scholars is Of the possible links between general education practices and special education disproportionality, however, only the proportion of culturally consonant teachers in the teaching force has been directl y investigaed.Serwatka, Derring and Grant (1995) found that as the percentage of African American teachers increased, overrepresentation of African American student in the emotionally distrubed category decreased. Similarly, in a cross-state comparison, Ladner and Hammons (2001) found that the discrepancy of African American and white rates of eligibility for special education rose in direct proportion to the percentage of the teaching force that was White, especially in districts with a White percentage of more than 60% (Skiba, et al., 2008).Just as there are no definitive causes identified, there are not any fool proof solutions laid out for correcting the issue of disproportionate representation. There are varying thoughts about strategies such as the following If disproportionality in special education is multiply determined, no single discourse strategy can be universally relied on to reduce racial disparity. Rather, complex causality clearly suggests the need for comprehensiv e and multifaceted assessment and intervention plans.In particular, the possibility that the determinants of disproportionality are locale-specific suggests that remediation plans must be driven by local needs assessment capable of identifying unique local patterns (Skiba, et al. , 2008). premature intervention approaches are said to possibly reduce disparities to the level that economic disadvantage is at work (Skiba, et al. , 2008). Early intervention would not be expected to address systemic failures or bias and would hence fail to address disproportionality that is due to institutional inequity (Skiba, et al. , 2008). Researchers are beginning to look at the problem of disproportionate representation within the arena of equity studies (Artiles & Bal, 2008). According to the authors researchers, practitioners, and policy makers continue to debate this problem and critical questions remain unanswered (Artiles & Bal, 2008). They go on to question the ability to, or lack thereof, e xplain how the phenomenon of disproportionate representation consistently remains in existence. Artiles and Bal have raised the following questions How have researchers approached the study of this problem, and what are some key gaps in this knowledge base?Does the problem exist in the United States only (Artiles & Bal, 2008)? These scholars have chosen to conduct research on the problem of disproportionate representation as related to equity concerns in educational systems responses to difference (Artiles & Bal, 2008). Artiles and Bal share the following about equity in the United States educational system Educational equity in the United States has aimed historically to enhance access and participation for students considered contrastive.For instance, programs were created to address the educational needs of students who have different ability levels or whose proficiency in English is limited (i. e. , special education and bilingual education, respectively) (Artiles & Bal, 2008) . They further go on to share that special education in the United States was created as an answer to some of the issues of difference The creation of special education was a landmark achievement in the forethought of students considered different on the basis of ability.Special education legislation entitled these students to free and appropriate public education, individualized educational programs, due process, and education in the least restrictive environment. Interestingly, an increasingly louder debate has emerged in the past 40 years in the United States about the disproportionate representation of ethnic minority and poor students in special education (Artiles & Bal, 2008). Laws that require states report placement data as it pertains to socioeconomic and racial lines to stay abreast of the problem of disproportionality have been imposed.States and school districts that find themselves faced with the issue of disproportionate representation are required to take remedial ac tions to address it (Artiles & Bal, 2008). If equity is the solution and special education was designed to level the playing field, why then the issue of disproportionality? This same question is posed by Artiles and Bal, But why then is placement in programs that purportedly address equity issues for students with different ability levels considered a problem when it involves other groups of different students, namely, ethnic minorities and poor students (Artiles & Bal, 2008). While that is a very keen-sighted and valid line of questioning, it is far too complicated to answer without factoring in the historical issues that plagued African American students long forwards special education legislation was implemented. Conclusions Disproportionate representation of African Americans in special education is not a new phenomenon. It has been studied and researched for well over 40 years. Whether it is referred to as disproportionality or disproportionate representation, the terminolog y covers both over and under representation within a group.While most of the research addresses overrepresentation, there is some out there that speaks to the underrepresentation of African Americans in gifted programs, more specifically African American males. There are no concrete reasons for this phenomenon, but several different factors have been considered contributing factors. Socioeconomic status and race and ethnicity are often the most discussed contributing factors. Special education having roots that stem back to civil rights legislation lends a great amount of credence to the belief that those two factors are probably the leading cause of disproportionate representation.The research shared out a very specific accusation of how racism plays a very real part in disproportionate representation. Examples to that end were that studies have found that schools with predominately White students and teachers have placed disproportionately high numbers of their minority students into special education and African-American children are identified as having mental retardation and emotional disturbance at rates greater than their White counterparts.In regards to equity Skiba and fellow scholars give this advice to educators in regards to making effective interventions Thus, educators and policy makers seeking effective interventions to stodgy special education equity gaps must be willing to openly discuss and address issues of race, ethnicity, gender, class, culture, and language.Moreover, processes chosen to address inequity must have at their core a mechanism to ensure that the perspectives of all stakeholders, especially those of historically marginalized groups who have been the recipients of unequal treatment, are represented when interpreting data on racial and ethnic disparities (Skiba, et al. , 2008). As educators we must take heed to the information shared about disproportionality. Though this information is not new, it must continue to be shared as if it was.While this resarch was specifically about African Americans, other minorities are affected by disproportionate representation. I will be more alert of how I determine whether or not to suggest a student be tested for special education services. It is so easy to refer them, before taking the time to investigate the reasons behind the undesireable behavior. Works Cited Anyon, Y. (2009). Social Theories of Learning Disabilities Understanding Racial Disproportionality in Special Education.Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 44-57. Artiles, A. J. , & Bal, A. (2008). The Next Generation of Disproportionality Research Toward a Comparative Model in the Study of Equity in Ability Differences. The Journal of Special Education, 4-14. Beratan, G. D. (2008). The poetry remains the same Transposition and the disproportionate representation of minority students in special education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 337-354.Bollmer, J. , Bethel, J. , Garrison-Mogren, R. , & Brauen, M.(2007). Using the Risk Ratio to Asess Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education at the School-District Level. The Journal of Special Education, 186-198. Fred A. Bonner, I. M. (2007). Never Too Young to Lead Gifted African American Males in Elementary School. Gifted electric razor Today, 31-35. Skiba, R. J. , Simmons, A. B. , Ritter, S. , Gibb, A. C. , Rausch, M. K. , Cuadrado, J. , et al. (2008). Achieving Equity in Special Education History, Status, and Current Challenges. Exceptional Children, 264-288.

King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan

ESSAY PLAN Intro * Both Shakespeares Richard iii and Al Pacinos tone for Richard both portray central values and ideas of the time. * The texts ideas are reflected by the context of the time. * Both texts written in different time periods significance completely different contexts which shape the text. * Through Pacinos hybrid style docudrama, he attempts to demystify Shakespeares Richard III, making it more accessible to the everyday individual. Shakespeare shows the travel in Richard III of Richard himself on his dark quest to becoming king by both using his literary skills and performance to attain what he wants, in conclusion being violence. * Both texts use propaganda but whereas Shakespeare alludes to the Tudor Myth which is ingratiating himself to his patrons. Whereas Pacino is being more provocative. He is challenging the authority that the British literary cosmos has over Shakespeare. * Both texts also use performance to connect ideas between the two Para 1- Richard III * Context War of the Roses now that his house has win the battle.He wants to be king Tudor Myth had to ingratiate to the Tudor house and up keep on their reign. This too is virtuoso of Pacinos main challenges as he is expressing an democratic society where all people and their views are equal as he speaks to various people on the street. However Shakespeare had to ingratiate his monarch, the Tudor folk and fasten Tudor patronage. * Throughout the entire play, Shakespeare depicts Richard as a monstrous Machiavellian. Who Nicollo Machiavelli described in his book which was written in Shakespeares time is when a person may use craft or deceit in order to maintain or achieve power.Shakespeare presents Richard in this way as he was from the House York which is what the Tudors opposed when they first came to power. * Opening soliloquy See Richards true character and his intentions in the play. Recognises himself in the play, I am determined to prove a villain. Metafiction shown. Richard feels that he needs to get into power to make up for him being rudely stamped, and Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. * Shakespeare exaggerates and devalues Richard in this manner to perpetuate the Tudor falsehood whilst demonising Richard, which institutes the Tudor reign as one of providence and divine sanctioning.Para 2 looking for Richard * CHALLENGES Pacino isnt challenging the actual information and ideas expressed in Richard III. exclusively rather he is challenging the British literary world, and their belief that they hold all the knowledge to Shakespeares plays. He does this constantly throughout the entire film, video display candidates of British scholars where he has put them on the spot making them expect as if they dont know anything. A great example of this is when he is interviewing Emrys Jones, a well-known Shakespeare academic and he is asked a question to which he responds, I dont really know the answer. Straight away the prognosis is cut and immediately followed by a different scene of Pacino explaining exactly what the British scholar couldnt. The constant use of cutting and framing different scene helps Pacino non only challenge the British literary world by giving them the message that he and numerous other Americans which he interviewed on the streets hold knowledge about Shakespeare. alone also, the fact that he can make it into a film as well proves that they are wrong that the actor holds the power to. You want to do it wiz your American accent? Shows jarring which stirs the audiences image that Pacino can produce a successful version of the play. Pacino challenges not only this question, but the actual theory that Shakespeare put forward * REFLECTS I do believe however that in this aspect of Looking for Richard, Pacino challenges the ideas more. In one scene of the play Pacino and Kimball travel to England and visit the house which Shakespeare grew up in, in hope that they would achieve some sort o f epiphany of knowledge about the plays. Linking back to the brain that the British believe they own the knowledge on Shakespeare.However they find that they did not feel any epiphany or difference at all, proving again that the British do not hold all the power and knowledge over Shakespeare and his plays and that actors like himself can possibly hold more knowledge that the academics and scholars. Para 3 Richard III performance * Lady Anne scene Richard turns from the monstrous Machiavellian character we see throughout most of the play, into a romantic wooer. He uses rhetorical language such as pathos to connect with her emotions which assists him in essentially capturing Lady Anne.The fact that Richard had just killed her husband King Edward, with her still being with his coffin just makes Richard seem even more powerful as he still manages to pull Lady Anne into marrying him. Although in this scene Lady Anne proves to hold the knowledge of language too as there is constant stichomythia between the two characters through most of the scene but the line which best shows this is when Richard says Bid me kill myself. I exit do it. And Lady Anne responds with I have already. Showing that she can be quite witty too, but not enough for Richard. Pacino shows his power of being film director by taking out a lot of the stichomythia between Richard and Lady Anne which removes some of her agency, that causing Richard to seem more powerful, convincing and in control. Para 4 Looking for Richard performance * CHALLENGES Penelope Allen shows the power of both the actor and method acting. It challenges the fact that women had no dominant role in society, whereas in this scene of Looking for Richard, we see her using method acting to get into character in rehearsal and raise her voice over all the other men and women in the room when she says, If he were dead, what would betide on me? Pacino provides the point here that using performance to change into character, can allow women to be completely dominant over men in a modern society. * REFLECTS Both Pacino and Shakespeares Richard both change character to essentially get what they want. Richard, wanting(p) power to be king. Pacino wanting power over his film. Pacino, the star actor and also director of his own film, changes character various times throughout the film.One of the key scenes depicting his want for power is when he is being the actor and discussing a few lines in the play with his assistant director, Kimball and Pacino decides to completely change the script. G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. Is what the line usually says. But Pacino changes it to, C of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. This gives Pacino the power as he now has control over both the film and its script. He changes this as he believes it will be easier for people to understand and ultimately once again make the play more accessible for the audience.

End of Life Essay

According to IOM (2008), the next propagation of older adults will be the likes of no other before it. It will be the most educated and diverse group of older adults in the nations history. They will dress out themselves apart from their predecessors by having fewer children, higher divorce rates, and a lower likelihood of living in poverty. But the key distinguishing feature of the next generation of older Americans will be their vast numbers. According to the most recent census numbers, there atomic number 18 now 78 million Americans who were born among 1946 and 1964.By 2030 the youngest members of the baby boom generation will be at least 65, and the number of older adults 65 years and older in the unite States is expected to be more than 70 million, or almost double the nearly 37 million older adults alive in 2005. The number of the oldest old, those who argon 80 and over, is also expected to nearly double, from 11 million to 20 million (Institute of Medicine of the field of study Academies IOM, 2008, p. 29). The United States wellness heraldic bearing system faces wide challenges as the baby boomer generation nears retirement age.Current reimbursement policies, workforce practices, and resource allocations all need to be re-evaluated, and redesigned in order to prep be the wellness bearing system for meeting the needs of the inevitably growing population of older adults. Areas such as education, training, recruitment, and retention of the health lot workforce helping older adults will require remodeling. To accomplish this will require the dedication and allocation of greater financial resources, even at a time when budgets are already be severely stretched.The nation is responsible for ensuring that older adults will be cared for by a health care workforce prepared to allow high- whole step care. If current Medicare and Medicaid policies and workforce trends continue, the nation will fail to meet this responsibility. Throwing more money int o a system that is non designed to deliver high-quality, cost-effective care or to facilitate the development of an appropriate workforce would be a largely wasted effort (IOM, 2008, p. 1-12). Ethical Standards for Resource AllocationEthics let a paramount role in solving the complex dilemmas surrounding the aging population and health care. There are several ethical standards I believe should be used in determining resource allocation for the aging population and end of life care. Yet realistically, most are ridiculous with the already limited resources available for health care. Unfortunately surd decisions need to be made in the allocation of resources. Three primary ethical standards that could realistically improve health care for the aging, which I believe should determine resource allocations are 1.Autonomy suggest that individuals live a right to determine what is in their own best busy, though that interest may be limited if exercising that right limits the rights of others. 2. Beneficence means that clinicians should act completely in the interest of their patients. Compassion taking positive action to help others desire to do good core principle of our patient advocacy. 3. Justice implies fairness and that all groups have an equal right to clinical services regardless of race, gender, age, income, or any other characteristic (Teutsch & Rechel, 2012, p.1). It is inevitable that difficult decisions have to be made regarding how health care resources will be allocated for the aging and dying. In my opinion scarce health care resources should be offered as fair as possible (justice), to do the most good for the patient in every situation (beneficence), with respect of the individual human right to have control of what happens to their own body (autonomy). time-honored and end of life patients have a right to care that is dignified and honest.The three ethical standards noted above should be the driving force arsehole determining health care reso urce allocations, allowing for quality care delivery, tailored to individual health needs at any stage of aging by means of the end of life, ensuring protection and satisfaction to such a vulnerable patient population. As stated by Maddox (1998), perhaps the impact of the array of problems, issues, and the myriad difficult decisions that policymakers and managers make may be softened by imaginative and rational strategies to finance, organize, and deliver health care when resources are scarce.Decisions related to scarce resource allocations must(prenominal) be made in consideration of the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and especially justice. Ethical issues related to scarce resource allocation are likely to become more and more complex in the future. Thus, it is imperative that health care leaders diligently and ethically continue to explore these issues (Maddox, 1998, p. 41). Somehow, while using the three standards noted, we need to domesticize our health care s ystem to benefit the aging and dying, and adhere to the codes of conduct the best way possible with the limited resources available.If there is a will, there is a way Ethical Challenges The critically challenging ethical issue of aged establish health care rationing is faced when preparing for an adequate health care system that will meet the care needs of the aging and dying. According to AAM (1988), the rationale for a program of health care rationing base on age rests on the assumption that society should allocate its resources efficiently, and that age-based rationing represents the most efficient order of resource allocation. Within this context, it has been argued that since most of the elderly are not in the work force they do not directly benefit society.Although the elderly, it is argued, should be provided with basic necessities and comfort, the greatest portion of health care resources, including expensive medical technologies, are better deployed on younger, more produ ctive segments of the population (American Medical Association AMA, 1988, p. 1). One tool developed by economist that has been used to billhook value of ones life so to speak is known as quality adjusted life years or QALY. It is a widely used government note of health improvement that is used to guide health-care resource allocation decisions.The QALY was originally developed as a measure of health effectiveness for cost-effectiveness analysis, a method intended to aid decision-makers charged with allocating scarce resources across competing health-care program (Kovner & Knickman, 2011, p. 258). Another common term for health care rationing is known as the remainder panel, or Obama Death Council. This panel is a government agency that would decide who would receive health care and who would not receive health care based on some form of standard implemented by the government.One difficult ethical question posed is, if we do ration health care, who decides how it is rationed, when and wherefore? The advocates of rationing argue that society benefits from the increase in economic productivity that results when medical resources are diverted from an elderly, retired population to those younger members of society who are more likely to be working. As stated by Binstock (200), promoting age-based rationing is detrimental to the elderly because it devalues the status of older people and caters to the values of a youth- oriented culture, aculture in which negative stereotyping based on age is prevalent. One possible consequence of denying health care to elderly persons is what it might do to the quality of life for all of us as we approach the too old for health care category. Societal acceptance of the notion that elderly people are unworthy of having their lives saved could markedly shape our general outlook toward the meaning and value of our lives in old age. At the least it might engender the unnecessarily gloomy prospect that old age should be anticipated a nd experienced as a stage in which the quality of life is low.The specter of morbidity and decline could be pervasive and over- whelming (Binstock, 2007, p. 8). Other ethical challenges related to the provisions of aging based health care are 1. Lack of education amongst health care providers in meeting the care needs of the aging and dying as well as providers faced with ethically challenging decisions especially at the end of life. 2. Lack of funds to support the diverse and challenging health needs of the aging, and promotion of comfort when dying, whether it be funds for care, facility placement, or aptitude to hire enough staff to me the high demands of a large population, and education.3. Cost effectiveness vs. quality of care vs. quality of life In the end, there is no solution to the problem of aging, at least no solution that a civilized society could ever tolerate. Rather, our task is to do the best we can with the dry land as it is, improving what we can but especially avoiding as much as possible the greatest evils and miseries of living with old age namely, the temptation of betrayal, the misrepresentation of perpetual youth, the despair of frailty, and the loneliness of aging and dying alone (Georgetown University, 2005, para.62). One way or another it is imperative to our aging society that a health care system is developed under the principals of autonomy, beneficence, and justice that will not deliver care based on rationing and determination of ones worth, but based on the individual and their health needs that will facilitate optimal aging and peaceful dying. References American Medical Association. (1988). Ethical implications of age-based rationing of health care (I-88). Retrieved from http//www.ama-assn. org/resources/doc/ethics/ceja_bi88. pdf Binstock, R. H. (2007, August). Our aging societies ethical, moral, and policy challenges. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 12, 3-9. Retrieved from http//web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=64fb29eb-cd59-49c6-8750-ad2528de0fba%40sessionmgr110&vid=13&hid=114 Georgetown University. (2005). Taking care ethical caregiving of our aging society. Retrieved from http//bioethics. georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/taking_care/chapter1. html Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2008). Retooling for an aging America building the health care workforce. Retrieved from http//www. fhca. org/members/workforce/retooling. pdf Kovner, PhD, A. R. , & Knickman, PhD, J. R. (2011). Jonas & Kovners Health Care Delivery in the United States (10th ed. , pp. 1-404). New York Springer publishing Company. Maddox, P. J. (1998, December). Administrative ethics and the allocation of scarce resources.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 3(3). Retrieved from http//www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol31998/No3Dec1998/ScarceResources. html Teutsch, S. , & Rechel, B. (2012). Ethics of resource allocat ion and rationing medical care in a time of fiscal restraint _ US and Europe. Public Health Reviews, 34(1), 10. Retrieved from http//www. publichealthreviews. eu/upload/pdf_files/11/00_Teutsch. pdf

How are individualism and collectivism presented in Ayn Rand’s “Anthem” and Yevgeny Zamyatin’s “We”? Essay

Early twentieth carbon literary whole kit and caboodle saw the ruse of the dystopian literature genre, which is characterized by a order of magnitude that has become dysfunctional cod to a special philosophical flaw, in this case, altruism and collectivism.This essay investigates how the themes of individualism and collectivism argon portrayed in 2 early twentieth century plant life Yevgeny Zamyatins We and Ayn Rands anthem.We was selected as the subject of investigation due to its originality Zamyatin was considered the inventor of the modern dystopia. anthems selection was due to its common themes with We, just of course secern treatment of the themes.Specifically, the essay addresses how the treatment of these themes fit in context with the writers basiss and then-current social trends, how the dealtings be structured such(prenominal)(prenominal) that individualism is oppressed, the flaws of these settings, as well as how dormant individualism is touch oned in plat and characterization.The investigation concludes with the rating that the treatment of individualism and collectivism differs in setting but is similar in characterization and plot, twain(prenominal)(prenominal) showing how such societies be dysfunctional in that pure collectivism and altruism atomic number 18 determine that atomic number 18 incompatible with the mankind mortal. It likewise raises questions concerning Zamyatins influence on Rand and the converse ethicality of the industrial plant.It is almost universally true that in every major culture or religion, selfishness is regarded as a trait unsuit competent and immoral in its very core. Society labels selflessness a crucial virtue, but in truth, energy is that black and white. To conform completely to this fallacy ignores what makes up a world being. Individualism is unconditional, and societies that seek to eat up it atomic number 18 doomed to fail.The early twentieth century was a epochal time in twain history and literature. Marxist ideologies were gaining momentum during this time, as the global community saw the birth of the Soviet Union, a controversial manifestation of an altruist utopia. These themes surrounding Marxism and its perspective of utopian society were consequently expressed in literature of the time, birthing dystopian literature, in which the ideas of individualism and collectivism argon fundamental.The treatment of these themes in literature is significant due to their human-centric constitutions. The contextual and philosophical weight of the themes further reinforces its significance. The universalities gear up in these works too show a common base of the human psyche, in that both works were in like manner create verbally in response to then-current world issues. Even though political significance has faded away in time, today t present is still plenty debate surrounding the importance of self-recognition in every culture. These works carry with them an insightful ethical message concerning how we ought to live as humans.Although individualism and collectivism is core in dystopian literature, the writers convey these themes differently, all(prenominal) producing their give distinctive portrayal of Marxist ambition gone rogue. Ayn Rands Anthem and Yevgeny Zamyatins We use plot, characterization, setting, and symbolism to show that the soullessness necessitated with collectivism and altruism is incompatible with human nature. conditionBoth works were likely written as the authors personal criticism of the flaws of Marxist Russia and collectivism. Due to the vary nature of the authors personal backgrounds and experiences with Marxism, the treatments of the themes in the works argon different. For this reason context is worthy of discussion.We was written by Yevgeny Zamyatin, a Russian engineer, in 1920-21 (Zamyatin). In 1917, Bolsheviks, a Marxist party, took control of Russia, finally establishing the USSR in 1922 ( Colton). We is Zamyatins own warning of how then-time to come Marxist Russia would be like once the Bolsheviks were to actually reign. These ideas, which include the rationalization of grate and ambitions for space geographic expedition both of which indeed, were or became realities are central to the work. Zamyatin himself was once a Bolshevik before betraying it, and is thus likely to have supported whatsoever(prenominal) Bolshevik ideas, since ideas such as space exploration and rationalization of labor are described in positive light in We through the inbuilt and OneStates proficient advancement (Kukushkina).Ayn Rand, a Russian-born naturalized American citizen, wrote Anthem fifteen years after the Wes conception. desire We, Anthem is Rands personal interpretation of sustained communism in the USSR. The USA, far-famed for its principle of individual liberty is likely to have influenced Rand, who herself found Objectivism, a philosophy advocating individualism, the imp ortance of ego, plot strongly opposing collectivism (Messenger). On objectivism, she statesMy philosophy is the concept of man as a deluxe being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his further direct (About Objectivism).These ideas are reflected strongly in Anthem, which satirizes society in which productivity and reason are jilted in favor of communism.Rand and Zamyatins similarly Russian but different occupational backgrounds are attributable to the works thematic similarities but different styles. Although both works satire corporate society, We is written in a humorous and sardonic tone, while Anthems tone is dark and desolate. Zamyatins engineering-background, Bolshevik experience, and future conflicts with the Bolsheviks enabled him to be more objective, contrary to Rands nonesuchistic approach against collectivism, influenced by her background as a philosopher. Additionally, the w orks were written during different times. Wes earlier conception made the industrial innovation a more socially relevant issue, hence Wes industrially-advanced setting. The momentum had likely already disappeared at Anthems conception.OPPRESSION OF THE SOUL AND EGOIndividualism is core in both We and Anthem, although they are stand for differently, as soul and ego, respectively. Both record books de none the individual the sense of self that makes mass human. Both works portray societies aimed at removing this soul and ego from its citizens in favor of altruistic collectivism, in which the people serve moreover one purpose to serve the joint state.OneState is futuristic and technologically advanced. It stresses the importance of talent and intelligence, shown through the prevalent motif of mathematics, and emphasis on the prestige of D-503s melody as an engineer for the INTEGRAL. In OneState, humans in which intellect and talent is integral to their dwellence are made alt ruistic and used by OneState as mere tools for the good of the state, as seen in these passagesEveryone who feels himself assailable of doing so is required to compose treatises, epic poems, manifestos, odes, or otherwise compositions dealing with the beauty and grandeur of OneState (Zamyatin 3).Zamyatins objectivity is seen in OneStates depiction as an anti-utopia rather than dystopia, as he acknowledges likelihood that then-current political conditions may accommodate rapid technological advancement, albeit with fatal, dehumanizing repercussions. Dystopias and anti-utopias differ in that dystopias literally mean bad place, whereas anti-utopia actor an originally utopian place with a fatal flaw, and these differences are seen in the two contrasting settings (Dystopia).Zamyatins technologically advanced depiction of OneState alludes to the industrial revolution, which itself gave rise to communism with the rise of p usetarians. (Engels) With the industrial revolutions emphasis on productivity, humans in We are literally dehumanized and used as machines for the productivity of the state in order to fulfill this need. They are described as, Not men but some kind of tractors in human form (Zamyatin 182).Oppositely, Anthem fall outs in a dystopian, dark, intellectually stunted future where technologies have been abandoned. This primitivism is caused by hazards of inequality and prejudices associated with the presence of any form of intellectual-superiority, as stated hereIt was not that the learning was too hard for us. It was that the learning was too easy It is not good to be different from our brothers, but it is evil to be superior to them (Rand 23).Rejection of intellect is ironic as it reverses what is perceived to be good in conventional norms, and serves to reinforce the dysfunctional nature of a collective society brought to its extreme.In the works settings, the application of technological development and intellect secure how the sense of self is d eprived. Despite contrasting dissimilarities in the technological setting of the works, both are due to societys false perceptions of what is good, and both dehumanize people into purely altruistic beings. Wes rationalization of labor and high value on utilitarian citizens eliminates D-503s license to think humanly, dehumanizing him into mere force of productivity OneStates mathematician. Anthems oppression of thought eliminates Prometheus identity as an individual someone with individual intellect, superiorities, and desires. Both works represented altruism as self-sacrifice and a loss of freedom and identity.Anthem and Wes settings differences are too influenced by the authors personal views. Zamyatin believes that the state does not suffer from selflessness. In fact, the industrialization of human intellect leads into significant progress, but the individuals who constitute for the state are the ones that suffer. Conversely, Rands idealism is expressed in her conveying altrui sm as fatal to both the state and its people.Although OneState encourages intellect and talent, imagination is prohibited, similar to Anthems obstacle of innovation. Imaginations absence in OneState establishes a satirical paradox, which Zamyatin uses to criticize its elimination. Conventionally, imagination and creativity is essential in the arts, but the resistance is true in OneState, as said by D-503Why is the trip the light fantastic toe beautiful? Answer because it is non-free movement, because all the fundamental significance of the dance lies precisely in its aesthetic subjection, its ideal nonfreedom (Zamyatin 6).Imagination and innovation are incompatible with a collective society because they are strictly individual. Chopins compositions are unique to his own musical imagination, as Beethovens are to his own. Ones own sense of imagination or innovation cannot be shared with anothers and thence must be eliminated, as stated in this excerpt from Anthem in which Promethe us invention is rejectedWhat is not thought by all men cannot be true What is not done collectively cannot be good Many men in the Homes of the Scholars have had strange new ideas in the preceding(a) but when the majority of their brother Scholars voted against them, they abandoned their ideas, as all men must (Rand 73).Like Zamyatin, Rand censures collective society by constructing a case so absurdly opposing what humans typically define as good in this case, innovation.Like the arts, rigidity is also found in numerical names, which exist in both societies to ensure that individuals cannot be comfortably differentiated from each other. For example, D-503 would not be easily differentiated with another individual with a name D-504. haggling connoting collectivity, such as Equality, and Union are selected for names with intentions of emphasizing the residents non-identities as an insignificant part of a collective society. Numbers are also meaningless and have no ties with emoti ons that may suggest any singularity, which opposes conventional belief that names are a part of mans own identity, and for that matter, his existence.Similarly, dealing with speech, censorship of words exists in Anthem. linguistic process connoting individualism, such as ego and I are removed from their society to make thinking as an individual impossible. However, Prometheus ultimate discovery of these obscure words is used to show how ego is too human to be smothered that censorship would not workThe word which can never die on this earth, for it is the heart of it and the meaning of glory. The sacred word EGO (Rand 105).Imagination and innovation, which are incompatible with these societies, are suppressed in both We and Anthem through indoctrination. Imagination, which is equated to a soul, is deemed an illness in OneState, and Prometheus selfish desire to enclose in Anthem is considered a sin. Absoluteness is equated to happiness in OneState, and D-503 ultimately rejects th is idea. Equality is equated to happiness in Anthem, and Prometheus similarly rejects this idea when he disobeys the Councils schedules to pursue his own intellectual ventures. Imagination and innovation are shown to be instinctive, becoming catalysts for conflict in both works. This again places emphasis on how much innate human behavior must be suppressed for collective societies to function, and how even so, this crushing is not sustainable.Although intellect is related to imagination, there is a significant difference between the two. While mathematical intellect is absolute and clearly defined, imagination lacks the absoluteness that is crucial for OneState to function. This absoluteness is reflected in the aforementioned description of the non-free dance. Both settings are strictly planned to ensure the predictability that is necessary for every member of society to be as one. OneStates residents, for example, begin and end their days at the same(p) time, march in complete un ison each day, following the plans set for them by the Table of Hours, similar to how Anthems residents also follow schedules set by the Councils.The system of regimented living is, however, flawed, shown when MEPHI revolutions occur in OneState. Systematic predictability conflicts with the unpredictability and spontaneity that are characteristic of humans. When the march during the typically unanimous reelection of the Benefactor is disturbed, chaos occurs in OneState. Slight discrepancies are amplified in an environment ill suited for impulsiveness. The guardians exist to reinforce regimentation, but they cannot with ease. This chaos shows how individualism cannot exist in a collective state, as collectivism necessitates everythings sameness, despite how different people really are. The revolution was accompanied by I-330s quote The number of revolutions is infinite, which reinforces the instability of such totalitarian states (Zamyatin 168).Because predictability and togetherness is needed in both societies, the rationing of sex and the elimination of honey is necessitated. Use of in-vitro-fertilization in both societies removes the existence of families. In Anthem, for example, preference is a transgression, and everybody is referred to as brothers. Here, the word brother does not denote familial relationship, rather equality, since the word brother implies likeness to one another.As with other things, sex is also rationed and made good in We with the use of pink tickets. The presence of manifold sex partners in We serves to make intercourse indifferent and non-exclusive. A monogamous sexual relationship is likely to cause love, which cannot exist in these societies where everyone belongs to each other because love can all occur between two selves. The absence of sex in Anthems society is significant, as despite its absence, libido remains extant. Gender segregation is employed to control this, although this is found to be unsuccessful with Prometheus and Gaeas relationship, which showed how such a system would be unsustainable.This removal of love and sexuality from society contradicts with the conventional idea of happiness. Marriage and family are arguably requisite for mental well-being. Like imagination and innovation, love is universal and found in every culture genetically predisposed and irremovable from human instinct. Zamyatin and Rand illustrate how collective, loveless societies cannot exist, as love and sexuality are innately human and cannot be eliminated.Like imagination and innovation, the rejection of love in these societies contains an element of absurdity, which leads the readers into believing that collective society is absurd. Additionally, the excessive suppression of human character, which causes these societies to become unsustainable, also shows that collectivism has too many flaws to work correctly.FUTILITY OF PROGRESS AND SYMBOLISM OF condemnationEnlightenment philosopher Rousseau once said, Slaves l ose everything in their chains, even the desire of escaping from them (Rousseau). Philosophers do not invent ideas, alone stating observations of human nature. It is thus significant to see how despite the centurial time gap between Zamyatin, Rand, and Rousseau, this very same philosophy is mirrored in their works, indicating a universal perspective on human nature.The citizens are able to see clearly away the green wall surrounding OneState, where nature has taken control. Despite the peoples awareness of the outside world, they remain in OneState. Similarly, the Dark Forest in Anthem represents a time barrier back to the Unmentionable Times, in which residents can easily go past it, but do not choose to do so, as apparent in this passageWe were in the unmapped Forest. We had not thought of coming here, but our legs had carried our wisdom, and our legs had brought us to the Uncharted Forest against our entrust (Rand 75).Both works anticipate that censorship and general indoctrin ation would cause society to become so unfamiliar with their old, free pasts, that they will not desire their pasts even if they see it. The idle and content nature of the citizens mirror how the general Soviet populace during the time was, in actuality, supporting socialism.These symbolic time barriers allow irony in the plots. D-503s association with I-330 and rejection of OneState leads him out past the green wall into the MEPHI who themselves represent naturalness in their nudity. The forest in We represents a more primitive past, and D-503s desire to move into the forest suggests that a without a soul, technological advancement would be futile and would all eventually go to waste.The stated passage from Anthem supports the idea that despite indoctrination, wisdom would ultimately result in returning to the past. The forest in Anthem is the opposite of Wes. The hut where Prometheus and Gaea eventually settle in signifies a more technologically advanced past and forgotten knowle dge. Their ultimate escape to the technologically superior forest connotes that a collective society such as that found in Anthem would cause progress represented by technology to be backwards.The forests appropriateness as a symbol of the past is due to its direct relation with nature, which contrasts artificiality. These future dystopias are depicted as socially unnatural and simulated, so it is apt for nature to signify what is natural and normal. support by symbolic juxtaposition of forests and artificial society, Anthem and We anticipates an ultimate return to normal, non-collective society, foreshadowed by the protagonists escapes from the collective societies in the works.Time alludes to human rediscovery. While We is placed in a setting over a millenary ahead of time, Anthem is likely to have occurred earlier, since it is placed unless after typical social systems are rejected in favor of collectivism. Historically, new economic philosophies tend to gain peak popularity i n only two to three centuries. Modern capitalism, for example, gained momentum in the mid-eighteenth century and reached its peak popularity in the twentieth century (Peterson). Since Anthems society represents the peak of collectivism, its setting is unlikely to have been placed past the ordinal century.The time settings relates to the social settings of the works. Anthems earlier society is shown to be generally content with the collective nature of their lives, because the state hasnt lived for long enough and the peoples repressed egos have hitherto to reappear. Wes later society is shown to have had more time to become discontented, thus the existence of the MEPHI. Anthems plot and protagonist marks the beginning of revolution, whereas Wes plot and protagonist is caught up in the middle of revolution. This trend establishes the fact that in time, the soul naturally becomes reestablished.DISINTEGRATION OF ALTRUISTIC ATTITUDESThis very reestablishment of soul occurs in both We and Anthem as the works plot progresses. In fact, plot development in the works primarily concern the protagonists discovery of past ideas of freedom, individualism, love, and a subsequent rejection of societal collectivity in this enlightenment and realization of the incompatibilities of their egotistic desires with the constraints of their collective societies.We is written as a series of D-503s journal entries, originally intended to spread OneStates philosophies in their conquests of space exploration with the building of the INTEGRAL. D-503s personal pride as a mathematician for OneState is ironic considering his eventual betrayal of the state. Zamyatin employs this irony as way of describing how even the most loyal followers of the state would eventually reject its ideas once enlightened. Anthem is similarly written using first-person narration to give personal insight into the development of their souls. However, the nature of the conflict differs greatly, which implicates t he protagonists societal roles, and the works settings.Both protagonists in We and Anthem reject their communities because of a desire to be something they cannot be in their societies. These desires are shown to grow coinciding with their discovery of their souls or egos. In We, D-503s infatuation with I-330 and consequent links to the MEMPHI leads him into abandoning his loyalty to OneState. As I-330s reintroduces him to love and life outside OneState, he is essentially re-humanized as he develops an imagination and finds life to have more purpose than serving OneState. In Anthem, Prometheus initial unhappiness with his role as a street sweeper conflicts with his need to contribute to society.However, Gaeas relationship only re-humanizes Prometheus partly. Instead, he is mainly reawakened through discovery of his sense of innovation. The plots are structured this way because for conflict to occur there must be an incompatibility between the protagonists and their societies. Both societies cannot accommodate humans with souls, and the souls are genuine using love, imagination, and innovation. These motifs are used in the works for enlightenment, because they are predominant parts of normal society and are considered key parts of the single soul. They are shown to be inherent as they develop naturally with interaction between chief characters.Women are used as catalysts for enlightenment in both works due the exclusively individualistic nature of intimate relationships. Names are also used symbolically in the female catalysts. Liberty and I denote freedom and individuality, respectively. Both Gaea and I-330 possess individualistic traits and encourage individualism in the protagonists part. Gaea, however, is more passive than I-330, who must give more effort to reestablish D-503s much-dormant soul, compared to Prometheus already apparent desire for self-worth. This encouragement of individualistic values is apparent in parley from both works, as such in an them Your eyeball, Gaea said, are not like the eyes of any among men (Rand 44), The statement acknowledges Prometheus difference from his brothers and marks the beginning of their relationship.OneState does not prohibit intersexual relationship. In fact, it presets them to exist, acknowledging sexual instincts inevitability. However, these relationships are kept strictly sexual. D-503s relationship with O-90 is non-romantic, as was his with I-330 initially. D-503 and O-90 only acknowledge each other as sexual products, and any singularity is disregarded with the presence of multiple sex partners.R-13 is used as an obstruction of exclusivity, which O-90 sees that D-503s functions can be substituted with R-13s, therefore disregarding any singularity. I-330s relationship with D-503 is different in that her character is described as wild and rebellious distinctly different from other OneState residents and of a strong ego. I-330 acknowledges herself as a singular being one that want s D-503 as more than just a sexual being and through her D-503s dormant soul is reestablished. It is implied that only with the acknowledgement of individuality can love occur, which further emphasizes the importance of individuality for happiness, which is normally associated with love.D-503 and I-330 are a study of contrasts. D-503 represents OneStates ideals altruistic, intelligent, and socially beneficial. Contrariwise, I-330 represents the antithesis. Her association with the MEPHI, and her irrational nonconformist spirit of self-awareness, independence, and unrestraint expressed in her green goddess and drinking, things deemed forbidden by OneState contradicts OneStates ideals. For this very reason, D-503 initially disdains her. However, as their relationship matures, D-503 does not change I-330s personality. Instead, the contrary occurs. This indicates that I-330s nature is more in line with human nature. She sees nothing in his nature that evokes a desire for self-refor m, but he sees something in her that he comes to desire. Zamyatin shows that the dominant trait is the more human one, suggesting that the characters of individualism and independence are more human than selflessness and conformism.CONCLUSIONThe popularity of dystopian literature in the early twentieth century indicates a worldwide panic of totalitarian states, in which individual freedom is seized that even the freedom to be human is lost to the state. Without doubt, this panic is a sensible one. The societies depicted in the dystopian novels, Anthem and We, where collectivity is rampant, and humans are without their souls and egos, are the quintessence of a repressive Hades.Whats salient(ip) is that aside from slight dissimilarities of style, setting, and circumstance surrounding enlightenment, both works use similar narration and plot based on the reestablishment of the soul and ego through love, imagination, and innovation, as well as use of females as catalysts for enlightenme nt. For one, these similarities indicate universality on the authors perspectives concerning human nature and the inevitability of individualism. Secondly, they raise the question of whether or not We may have, in fact, influenced Anthem, a possibility that warrants further investigation.As said, nothing is entirely black and white. By nature, humans are double-faceted. They are both individualistic and altruistic, and neither trait can be suppressed. D-503s patriotism and nationalism does dehumanize him, but his lack of individualism does. Prometheus innovation is based on both the altruistic desire to contribute to his society, and the need for self-recognition. The extreme collectivism in these works leads to profound introspection of the other end of the spectrum. Here, collectivism has gone unbridled, but how more or less an individualistic nightmare, for a change? How about a world without We, but only an evil I cancerously devouring mans own existence?BIBLIOGRAPHYPRIMARY SOU RCESRand, Ayn. Anthem. New York First Plume Printing, 1999.Zamyatin, Yevgeny. We. Trans. Clarence Brown. New York Penguin Group, 1993.SECONDARY SOURCESAbout Objectivism. The Atlas Society. 11 March 2008 .Colton, Timothy J. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Microsoft Student 2007 DVD . Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Dystopia. 28 May 1998. Words at Random. 13 March 2008 .Engels, Frederick. The Communist Manifesto. October-November 1847. Project Gutenberg. 22 April 2007 .Kukushkina, Tatyana. The Twists and Turns of Yevgeny Zamyatins Life. The Brilliant Disk (n.d.) 32-42.Messenger, Christian K. Ayn Rand. Microsoft Student 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Peterson, Wallace C. Capitalism. Microsoft Student 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation, 2006.Rousseau, Jean Jacques. Rousseau Social Contract Book 1. Constitution Society. 11 March 2008 .